Re: [PATCH v4 1/3] mm/page_alloc: Optimize free_contig_range()

[Zi Yan]

On 27 Mar 2026, at 8:57, Muhammad Usama Anjum wrote:

> From: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@xxxxxxx>
>
> Decompose the range of order-0 pages to be freed into the set of largest
> possible power-of-2 size and aligned chunks and free them to the pcp or
> buddy. This improves on the previous approach which freed each order-0
> page individually in a loop. Testing shows performance to be improved by
> more than 10x in some cases.
>
> Since each page is order-0, we must decrement each page's reference
> count individually and only consider the page for freeing as part of a
> high order chunk if the reference count goes to zero. Additionally
> free_pages_prepare() must be called for each individual order-0 page
> too, so that the struct page state and global accounting state can be
> appropriately managed. But once this is done, the resulting high order
> chunks can be freed as a unit to the pcp or buddy.
>
> This significantly speeds up the free operation but also has the side
> benefit that high order blocks are added to the pcp instead of each page
> ending up on the pcp order-0 list; memory remains more readily available
> in high orders.
>
> vmalloc will shortly become a user of this new optimized
> free_contig_range() since it aggressively allocates high order
> non-compound pages, but then calls split_page() to end up with
> contiguous order-0 pages. These can now be freed much more efficiently.
>
> The execution time of the following function was measured in a server
> class arm64 machine:
>
> static int page_alloc_high_order_test(void)
> {
> 	unsigned int order = HPAGE_PMD_ORDER;
> 	struct page *page;
> 	int i;
>
> 	for (i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
> 		page = alloc_pages(GFP_KERNEL, order);
> 		if (!page)
> 			return -1;
> 		split_page(page, order);
> 		free_contig_range(page_to_pfn(page), 1UL << order);
> 	}
>
> 	return 0;
> }
>
> Execution time before: 4097358 usec
> Execution time after:   729831 usec
>
> Perf trace before:
>
>     99.63%     0.00%  kthreadd         [kernel.kallsyms]      [.] kthread
>             |
>             ---kthread
>                0xffffb33c12a26af8
>                |
>                |--98.13%--0xffffb33c12a26060
>                |          |
>                |          |--97.37%--free_contig_range
>                |          |          |
>                |          |          |--94.93%--___free_pages
>                |          |          |          |
>                |          |          |          |--55.42%--__free_frozen_pages
>                |          |          |          |          |
>                |          |          |          |           --43.20%--free_frozen_page_commit
>                |          |          |          |                     |
>                |          |          |          |                      --35.37%--_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore
>                |          |          |          |
>                |          |          |          |--11.53%--_raw_spin_trylock
>                |          |          |          |
>                |          |          |          |--8.19%--__preempt_count_dec_and_test
>                |          |          |          |
>                |          |          |          |--5.64%--_raw_spin_unlock
>                |          |          |          |
>                |          |          |          |--2.37%--__get_pfnblock_flags_mask.isra.0
>                |          |          |          |
>                |          |          |           --1.07%--free_frozen_page_commit
>                |          |          |
>                |          |           --1.54%--__free_frozen_pages
>                |          |
>                |           --0.77%--___free_pages
>                |
>                 --0.98%--0xffffb33c12a26078
>                           alloc_pages_noprof
>
> Perf trace after:
>
>      8.42%     2.90%  kthreadd         [kernel.kallsyms]         [k] __free_contig_range
>             |
>             |--5.52%--__free_contig_range
>             |          |
>             |          |--5.00%--free_prepared_contig_range
>             |          |          |
>             |          |          |--1.43%--__free_frozen_pages
>             |          |          |          |
>             |          |          |           --0.51%--free_frozen_page_commit
>             |          |          |
>             |          |          |--1.08%--_raw_spin_trylock
>             |          |          |
>             |          |           --0.89%--_raw_spin_unlock
>             |          |
>             |           --0.52%--free_pages_prepare
>             |
>              --2.90%--ret_from_fork
>                        kthread
>                        0xffffae1c12abeaf8
>                        0xffffae1c12abe7a0
>                        |
>                         --2.69%--vfree
>                                   __free_contig_range
>
> Signed-off-by: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@xxxxxxx>
> Co-developed-by: Muhammad Usama Anjum <usama.anjum@xxxxxxx>
> Signed-off-by: Muhammad Usama Anjum <usama.anjum@xxxxxxx>
> ---
> Changes since v3:
> - Move __free_contig_range() to more generic __free_contig_range_common()
>   which will used to free frozen pages as well
> - Simplify the loop in __free_contig_range_common()
> - Rewrite the comment
>
> Changes since v2:
> - Handle different possible section boundries in __free_contig_range()
> - Drop the TODO
> - Remove return value from __free_contig_range()
> - Remove non-functional change from __free_pages_ok()
>
> Changes since v1:
> - Rebase on mm-new
> - Move FPI_PREPARED check inside __free_pages_prepare() now that
>   fpi_flags are already being passed.
> - Add todo (Zi Yan)
> - Rerun benchmarks
> - Convert VM_BUG_ON_PAGE() to VM_WARN_ON_ONCE()
> - Rework order calculation in free_prepared_contig_range() and use
>   MAX_PAGE_ORDER as high limit instead of pageblock_order as it must
>   be up to internal __free_frozen_pages() how it frees them
> ---
>  include/linux/gfp.h |   2 +
>  mm/page_alloc.c     | 103 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
>  2 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

LGTM, except some nits below.

Reviewed-by: Zi Yan <ziy@xxxxxxxxxx>


> +/**
> + * __free_contig_range - Free contiguous range of order-0 pages.
> + * @pfn: Page frame number of the first page in the range.
> + * @nr_pages: Number of pages to free.
> + *
> + * For each order-0 struct page in the physically contiguous range, put a
> + * reference. Free any page who's reference count falls to zero. The

s/who’s/whose

> + * implementation is functionally equivalent to, but significantly faster than
> + * calling __free_page() for each struct page in a loop.
> + *
> + * Memory allocated with alloc_pages(order>=1) then subsequently split to
> + * order-0 with split_page() is an example of appropriate contiguous pages that
> + * can be freed with this API.
> + *
> + * Context: May be called in interrupt context or while holding a normal
> + * spinlock, but not in NMI context or while holding a raw spinlock.
> + */
> +void __free_contig_range(unsigned long pfn, unsigned long nr_pages)
> +{
> +	__free_contig_range_common(pfn, nr_pages, false);

__free_contig_range_common(pfn, nr_pages, /* is_frozen= */ false);

is what we usually do for bool input for a better readability.

> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL(__free_contig_range);
> +
>  #ifdef CONFIG_CONTIG_ALLOC
>  /* Usage: See admin-guide/dynamic-debug-howto.rst */
>  static void alloc_contig_dump_pages(struct list_head *page_list)
> @@ -7330,8 +7430,7 @@ void free_contig_range(unsigned long pfn, unsigned long nr_pages)
>  	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(PageHead(pfn_to_page(pfn))))
>  		return;
>
> -	for (; nr_pages--; pfn++)
> -		__free_page(pfn_to_page(pfn));
> +	__free_contig_range(pfn, nr_pages);
>  }
>  EXPORT_SYMBOL(free_contig_range);
>  #endif /* CONFIG_CONTIG_ALLOC */
> -- 
> 2.47.3


Best Regards,
Yan, Zi